| Parameter | Specification |
| Plant Type | Herbaceous annual or biennial |
| Height | 1.2 to 2 meters (4 to 6.5 feet) |
| Stem | Erect, branching, and covered in spines |
| Leaves | Large, oblong, shiny green with white veins |
| Flower Color | Purple to violet |
| Flower Shape | Thistle-like, round with spiny bracts |
| Seed Appearance | Dark brown to black, oblong, with a shiny surface |
| Seed Size | 4-7 mm long and 2-3 mm wide |
| Oil Content in Seeds | 20-30% (rich in silymarin) |
| Growth Conditions | Full sun, well-drained soils |